Neurocisticercosis y epilepsia en un hospital universitario de Popayán, Colombia: una serie de casos / Neurocysticercosis and epilepsy in a university hospital in Popayán, Colombia: A case series

RESUMEN INTRODUCCIÓN: La neurocisticercosis es una infección del sistema nervioso central causada por el estadio larvario del cestodo Taenia solium, y se estima que puede ocasionar hasta 30% de los casos de epilepsia en los países donde esta parasitosis es endémica. El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar la frecuencia de pacientes que presentaron epilepsia como secuela de neurocisticercosis en un hospital universitario en Popayán. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS: Se realizó un estudio retrospectivo con todos los pacientes con diagnóstico de neurocisticercosis que ingresaron al Hospital Universitario San José entre enero 2014 y diciembre 2018 que cumplieron los criterios de inclusión. RESULTADOS: Se encontraron 50 pacientes, de estos, 40 (80%) reingresaron, encontrándose que 37 (74%) presentaron epilepsia como secuela. Las edades más afectadas fueron la de 41 a 60 años; 48 (96%) provenían del departamento del Cauca en especial de Mercaderes, y 33 (66%) de área rural. El síndrome convulsivo fue la manifestación clínica de ingreso más frecuente. La TAC fue la técnica de imagen de elección. CONCLUSIÓN: El departamento del Cauca se considera como una de las áreas endémicas para neurocisticercosis en Colombia, y la epilepsia secundaria es un secuela común.

ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION: Neurocysticercosis is an infection of the central nervous system caused by the larval stage of the cestode Taenia solium, it has been estimated to produce up to 30% of the cases in countries where this parasitosis is endemic. The objective of this study was to determine the frequency of patients who presented epilepsy as a sequel of neurocysticercosis in a university hospital in Popayán. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective study was conducted with all patients with a diagnosis of neurocysticercosis who were admitted to the Hospital Universitario San José between January 2014 and December 2018 who met the inclusion criteria. RESULTS: We found 50 patients, 40 (80%) of which were readmitted and 37 (74%) presented epilepsy as sequela. The most affected age-group was 41 to 60 years; 48 (96%) were from the department of Cauca, especially Mercaderes, and 33 (66%) from rural areas. Convulsive syndrome was the most frequent clinical manifestation on admission. CT was the imaging technique of choice. CONCLUSION: The department of Cauca is considered as an endemic area for neurocysticercosis, and secondary epilepsy was a common consequence.

Ocular cysticercosis in pediatric patient / Cisticercose ocular em paciente pediátrico

ABSTRACT Ocular cysticercosis is a parasitic infection caused by Taenia solium. Its early diagnosis and treatment decreases the possibility of visual morbidity. It can either compromise the anterior chamber or the posterior segment, which translates into an very variable and interspecific presentation that changes depending on the site of the infection. It is important to report this case due to its low presentation rate and the fact that a high suspicion index is required to make an assertive and timely diagnosis. This is especially important in geographical areas that are endemic to this parasite due to the direct relationship between an early diagnosis and treatment and better visual outcomes. In this case report, we will discuss the multidisciplinary interventions of a pediatric patient in a high complexity hospital.

RESUMO A cisticercose ocular é uma infecção parasitária causada pela Taenia solium. O diagnóstico e tratamento precoces diminuem a possibilidade de morbidade visual. Ela pode comprometer a câmara anterior ou o segmento posterior, o que se traduz em uma apresentação muito variável e interespecífica, que muda dependendo do local da infecção. É importante relatar esse caso devido à sua baixa taxa de apresentação e ao fato de que é necessário um alto índice de suspeita para fazer um diagnóstico assertivo e oportuno. Isso é especialmente importante em áreas geográficas endêmicas para esse parasita, devido à relação direta entre diagnóstico e tratamento precoces e melhores resultados visuais. Neste relato de caso, discutiremos as intervenções multidisciplinares de um paciente pediátrico em um hospital de alta complexidade.

Eukaryotic expression and antigen epitope prediction of the LRRC15 protein in excretory secretory antigens of Taenia solium cysticercus / 中国血吸虫病防治杂志

OBJECTIVE@#To conduct eukaryotic expression of the leucine-rich repeat containing 15 (LRRC15), a differentially expressed protein in excretory secretory antigens of Taenia solium cysticercus, and predict its antigen epitope.@*METHODS@#The molecular weight, stability, amino acid sequence composition, isoelectric point and T lymphocyte epitope of the LRRC15 protein were predicted using the bioinformatics online softwares ExPASy-PortParam and Protean. The full-length splicing primers were designed using PCR-based accurate synthesis, and the LRRC15 gene was synthesized. The recombinant pcDNA3.4-LRRC15 plasmid was constructed and transfected into HEK293 cells to express the LRRC15 protein. In addition, the LRRC15 protein was characterized by sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and Western blotting.@*RESULTS@#The recombinant pcDNA3.4-LRRC15 plasmid was successfully constructed, which expressed the target LRRC15 protein with an approximately molecular weight of 70 kDa. Bioinformatics prediction with the ExPASy-PortParam software showed that LRRC15 was a hydrophilic protein, which was consisted of 644 amino acids and had a molecular weight of 69.89 kDa and an isoelectric point of 5.6. The molecular formula of the LRRC15 protein was C3073H4942N846O953S28 and had an instability coefficient is 50.3, indicating that LRRC15 was an instable protein. Bioinformatics prediction with the Protean software showed that the dominant T-cell antigen epitopes were located in 292 to 295, 353 to 361, 521 to 526 and 555 to 564 amino acids of the LRRC15 protein, and the T-cell antigen epitopes with a high hydrophilicity, good flexibility, high surface accessibility and high antigenicity index were found in 122 to 131, 216 to 233, 249 to 254, 333 to 343, 358 to 361, 368 to 372, 384 to 386, 407 to 412, 445 to 450, 469 to 481, 553 to 564, 588 to 594, 607 to 617 and 624 to 639 amino acids. Following transfection of the recombinant pcDNA3.4-LRRC15 plasmid into HEK293 cells, SDS-PAGE and Western blotting identified LRRC15 proteins in cell secretory culture media, cell lysis supernatants and sediments. The LRRC15-His fusion protein was purified from the cell culture medium, and SDS-PAGE identified a remarkable band at approximately 70 kDa, while Western blotting successfully recognized the band of the recombinant LRRC15 protein.@*CONCLUSIONS@#The eukaryotic expression and antigen epitope prediction of the LRRC15 protein in the excretory secretory antigens of T. solium cysticercus have been successfully performed, which provides insights into further understandings of its biological functions.

Cisticercosis hepática: a propósito de un caso y revisión de la literatura / Hepatic cysticercosis: a case report and review of the literature

Resumen La cisticercosis hepática es una enfermedad parasitaria bastante rara que consiste en el compromiso hepático por el cisticerco, con pocos casos reportados en la literatura, ninguno antes reportado en Colombia. Esta infección es producida por Cysticercus cellulosae, la forma larvaria del helminto Taenia solium. Es adquirida al consumir los huevos de la Tenia spp que se encuentran en la comida poco cocinada o el agua. En los casos reportados de cisticercosis hepática, el tratamiento se basa principalmente en el uso de antihelmínticos y en ocasiones quirúrgico. Se presenta el caso de un paciente mayor, indígena, quien consultó por melenas y dolor abdominal. En el examen físico se encontró hepatomegalia. Las imágenes diagnósticas plantean diagnóstico diferencial entre quiste hidatídico vs cistoadenoma/ cistoadenocarcinoma. El examen histopatológico sugiere compromiso por cisticercosis. Se reporta el caso de una cisticercosis hepática, con histología altamente sugestiva y hallazgos imagenológicos bastante inusuales a los previamente descritos en literatura. MÉD.UIS. 2020;33(2):101-108.

Abstract Hepatic cysticercosis is a quite rare parasitic disease consisting of hepatic involvement by the cysticercus, with few cases reported in the literature, none previously reported in Colombia. This infection is caused by Cysticercus cellulosae, the larval form of the Taenia solium helminth. It is acquired by consuming the Tenia sppeggs found in undercooked food or water. In reported cases of hepatic cysticercosis, treatment is based primarily on the use of anthelmintics and occasionally surgery. We present the case of an older, indigenous patient who consulted for melena and abdominal pain. Hepatomegaly is found on physical examination. Diagnostic images suggested a differential diagnosis between hydatid cyst vs. cystadenoma / cystadenocarcinoma. Histopathological examination suggested compromise due to cysticercosis. The case of hepatic cysticercosis is reported, with highly suggestive histology and imaging findings quite unusual to those previously described in the literature. MÉD.UIS. 2020;33(2):101-108.

Uso de partículas magnéticas en la purificación de anticuerpos IgM contra Taenia solium / Use of magnetic particles in the purification of IgM antibodies against Taenia solium

RESUMEN Se evaluó el uso de partículas magnéticas acopladas a proteína L para la concentración y purificación de anticuerpos monoclonales inmunoglobulina M (mIgM) contra Taenia solium. Se evaluaron tres métodos de concentración y diferentes tiempos de elución y se optimizó la proporción de partículas a la proporción de mIgM. Demostramos que: 1) con el uso partículas magnéticas no se requiere de una concentración previa de mIgM, lo que disminuye la manipulación de los anticuerpos y mejora la recuperación, 2) se puede omitir el uso de un tampón de unión, ya que el pH de la mayoría de los sobrenadantes de cultivo celular son neutros, y 3) se necesitan tiempos de elución más largos (~45 minutos) para aumentar la recuperación a un nivel mayor a 80%. El estudio demuestra que el uso de partículas magnéticas acopladas a proteína L es una herramienta simple y eficiente para la concentración y purificación de mIgM.

ABSTRACT The use of L protein coupled magnetic particles for the concentration and purification of immunoglobulin M (mIgM) monoclonal antibodies against Taenia solium was evaluated. Three concentration methods and different elution times were evaluated and the ratio of particles to the ratio of mIgM was optimized. It is demonstrated that: 1) with the use of magnetic particles, a previous concentration of mIgM is not required, which reduces the manipulation of the antibodies and improves the recovery, 2) the use of a binding buffer can be omitted, since the pH of most cell culture supernatants are neutral, and 3) longer elution times (~ 45 minutes) are needed to increase recovery to a level greater than 80%. The study demonstrates that the use of L protein-coupled magnetic particles is a simple and efficient tool for mIgM concentration and purification.

Neurocisticercosis racemosa gigante resistente al tratamiento farmacológico convencional. Reporte de un caso clínico y revisión de la literatura / Giant Racemose Neurocysticercosis Resistant to Conventional Pharmacological Treatment. Case Report and Literature Review / Neurocisticercose racemosa gigante resistente ao tratamento farmacológico convencional. Relatório de um caso clínico e revisão da literatura

Resumen: La teniosis/cisticercosis es una enfermedad parasitaria causada por la infección del estado larvario de Taenia solium. La Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS) considera esta patología un problema de salud pública, así como una infección olvidada. Las manifestaciones pueden variar según el tipo de presentación de la lesión, requiere manejo farmacológico en la mayoría de los casos e incluso puede llegar a requerir tratamiento quirúrgico, en algunas condiciones específicas. Se han reportado casos de resistencia del parásito al manejo con cisticidas, reportes en los cuales la ivermectina, antiparasitario de uso veterinario, se convierte en una importante opción de manejo. Para esta disertación, se presenta un caso de neurocisticercosis racemosa gigante, que requirió manejo quirúrgico en el cual se evidencia persistencia de las lesiones luego del tratamiento con cisticidas, el cual presentó mejoría con el manejo con albendazol de marca, en combinación con ivermectina.

Abstract: Taeniasis/cysticercosis is a parasitic disease caused by Taenia solium larval stage infection. The World Health Organization (WHO) considers this pathology a public health problem, as well as a neglected infectious disease. Its manifestations may vary according to the type of lesion, needs pharmacological management in most cases, and even requires surgical treatment in some specific conditions. Cases of parasite resistance to cysticides have been reported, in which ivermectin, an antiparasitic drug for veterinary use, has become an important treatment option. This paper presents a case of giant racemose neurocysticercosis that required surgical management because of persistent lesions after treatment with cysticides, which showed improvement with branded albendazole in combination with ivermectin.

Resumo: A teniose/cisticercose é uma doença parasitária causada pela infecção do estágio larval da Taenia solium. A Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS) considera essa patologia um problema de saúde pública e uma infecção esquecida. As manifestações podem variar de acordo com o tipo de apresentação da lesão, que requer um tratamento farmacológico, na maioria dos casos, e pode até exigir tratamento cirúrgico, em alguns casos específicos. Foram relatados casos de resistência do parasita ao tratamento com cisticidas, relatórios nos quais a ivermectina, um antiparasitário para uso veterinário, torna-se uma importante opção de tratamento. Para esta dissertação, um caso de neurocisticercose racemose gigante é apresentado. Esse caso exigiu um tratamento cirúrgico, no qual a persistência das lesões após o tratamento com cisticidas foi evidente, mas mostrou melhoras após o tratamento com o albendazol e ivermectina.

Evaluación del método de ELISA para detección de anticuerpos anti-cisticercos en sueros humanos / Evaluation of the ELISA method for the detection of anti-cysticercus antibodies in human sera / Avaliação do método ELISA para a detecção de anticorpos anti-cisticercos em soros humanos

La neurocisticercosis (NCC) es la localización en el sistema nervioso central (SNC) humano de la parasitosis provocada por el estadio larvario de la Taenia solium, el cisticerco, que prevalece en áreas urbanas y rurales y constituye un problema de salud pública. El diagnóstico puede efectuarse por exploración imagenológica del SNC con resonancia magnética o tomografía axial computarizada, no siempre disponible, y por pruebas de inmunoensayo (EIA) en sangre, que aportan al diagnóstico rapidez, bajo costo y transferibilidad. Para evaluar su capacidad diagnóstica y validar la precisión de la técnica de ELISA (ensayo inmunoabsorbente ligado a enzimas), en la detección de anticuerpos anti-cisticercos en sueros humanos, se diseñó una seroteca en forma aleatoria y en doble ciego, y se realizó el ELISA con las muestras, utilizando placas sensibilizadas con antígenos obtenidos del fluido vesicular de cisticercos de T. solium. Para la validación se realizaron 20 ensayos empleando controles positivos y negativos, por cuadruplicado en diferentes días, y realizados por más de un operador; el punto de corte para este método fue una densidad óptica de 0,325. La precisión intralaboratorio para el control débil (media=0,532±0,09) fue de %CV=17,51±0,09, y un valor de repetibilidad de %CV=7,04±0,04, cifras que se encuentran dentro de los límites esperados para el método. Con estos resultados se puede concluir que la precisión del ELISA para el serodiagnóstico de NCC se encuentra validada. El ensayo validado proporcionó resultados coherentes y repetidos que permitieron discriminar entre dos resultados dicotómicos y establecer con exactitud la condición de una posible infección, con un nivel de certidumbre estadística predeterminado.

Neurocysticercosis (NCC) is the location in the human central nervous system (CNS) of the parasitosis caused by the larval stage of Taenia solium, the cysticercus which prevails in urban and rural areas, constituting a public health problem. Diagnosis can be made by CNS imaging with magnetic resonance or computerized axial tomography, not always available, and by blood immunoassay (EIA) tests, which provide rapidity, low cost and transferability. In order to evaluate its diagnostic capacity and validate the ELISA (Enzyme- Linked ImmunoSorbent Assay) technique in the detection of anti-cysticercus antibodies in human sera, a collection of sera was designed in a randomized and double-blind manner, and the ELISA was performed with the samples, using plates sensitized with antigens obtained from the vesicular fluid of T. solium cysticerci. Twenty trials were conducted, using positive and negative controls, in quadruplicate, on different days, and performed by more than one operator; the cutoff for this method was an optical density of 0.325. The intralaboratory precision for the weak control (mean=0.532±0.09) was %CV=17.51±0.09, and a repeatability value of %CV=7.04±0.04, figures that are within the expected limits for the method, It can be concludedthat the accuracy of the ELISA for serodiagnosis of NCC is validated. The validated test provided consistent and repeated results, which made it possible to discriminate between two dichotomous outcomes, and to establish with accuracy the condition of a possible infection, with a predetermined level of statistical certainty.

A neurocisticercose (NCC) é o local no sistema nervoso central (SNC) humano de parasitose causada pelo estágio larval da Taenia solium, o cisticerco, prevalecente em áreas urbanas e rurais, constituindo um problema de saúde pública. O diagnóstico pode ser feito por varredura imagenológica do SNC com ressonância magnética ou tomografia axial computadorizada, nem sempre disponível, e por testes de imunoensaio (EIA) em sangue, que fornecem ao diagnóstico rapidez, baixo custo e portabilidade. Para avaliar a sua capacidade de diagnóstico e validar a precisão da técnica de ELISA (ensaio imunoabsorvente ligado a enzimas), na detecção de anticorpos anti-cisticercos em soros humanos, um serrarium foi projetado em forma aleatória e em duplo cego, e foi realizado com as amostras o ELISA, utilizando placas sensibilizadas com antígenos derivados do fluido vesicular de cisticercos de T. solium. 20 testes para validação foram realizados, utilizando controles positivos e negativos, em quadruplicado, em dias diferentes, e realizados por mais de um operador; o ponto de corte para este método era uma densidade óptica de 0,325. A precisão intralaboratorial para o controle fraco (média=0,532±0,09) foi de CV%=17,51±0,09, e um valor de repetibilidade de CV%=7,04±0,04, valores que estão dentro dos limites esperados para o método, podendo concluir com esses resultados que a precisão do ELISA para diagnóstico sorológico de NCC é validado. O ensaio validado forneceu resultados consistentes e repetidos, o que permitiu discriminar entre dois resultados dicotômicos e identificar com exatidão a condição de possível infecção com um nível de certeza pré-determinado estatisticamente.

Advances in Serological Diagnosis of Taenia solium Neurocysticercosis in Korea

Cysticercosis, a parasitic disease caused by Taenia solium metacestode (TsM), has a major global public health impact in terms of disability-adjusted life years. The parasite preferentially infects subcutaneous tissue, but may invade the central nervous system, resulting in neurocysticercosis (NC). NC is an important neglected tropical disease and an emerging disease in industrialized countries due to immigration from endemic areas. The prevalence of taeniasis in Korea declined from 0.3%–12.7% during the 1970s to below 0.02% since the 2000s. A survey conducted from 1993 to 2006 revealed that the percentage of tested samples with high levels of specific anti-TsM antibody declined from 8.3% to 2.2%, suggesting the continuing occurrence of NC in Korea. Modern imaging modalities have substantially improved the diagnostic accuracy of NC, and recent advances in the molecular biochemical characterization of the TsM cyst fluid proteome also significantly strengthened NC serodiagnosis. Two glycoproteins of 150 and 120 kDa that induce strong antibody responses against sera from patients with active-stage NC have been elucidated. The 150 kDa protein showed hydrophobic-ligand binding activities and might be critically involved in the acquisition of host-derived lipid molecules. Fasciclin and endophilin B1, both of which play roles in the homeostatic functions of TsM, showed fairly high antibody responses against calcified NC cases. NC is now controllable and manageable. Further studies should focus on controlling late-onset intractable seizures and serological diagnosis of NC patients infected with few worms. This article briefly overviews diagnostic approaches and discusses current issues relating to NC serodiagnosis.

Neurocysticercosis: Clinical Characteristics and Changes from 26 Years of Experience in an University Hospital in Korea

The prevalence of human taeniasis has decreased in Korea. The stool egg positive proportion decreased from 1.9% in 1971 to 0% in 2004 in nationwide surveys. The neurocysticercosis (NCC) is also presumed to decrease. However, detailed information regarding the recent status of NCC in Korea is lacking. We retrospectively reviewed NCC cases from 1990 to 2016 at Asan Medical Center, a 2700-bed tertiary referral hospital in Korea. We identified patients based on clinical symptoms, brain imaging, pathology and serological assay. The cases were classified as parenchymal, extraparenchymal, and mixed NCC. Eighty-one patients were included in the analysis. The mean age was 54.5 years, and 79.0% were male. The number of NCC cases was highest from 1995 to 1999, and continuously decreased thereafter. Forty (49.4%) patients had parenchymal NCC, while 25 (30.9%) patients had extraparenchymal NCC, and 16 (19.8%) patients had mixed NCC. The seizure and headache were most common symptom of parenchymal NCC and extraparenchymal NCC respectively. Hydrocephalus was more common in extraparenchymal NCC, and patients with extraparenchymal NCC were more likely to require a ventriculoperitoneal shunt. Cases of NCC are decreasing accordingly with human taeniasis and lesion location was the most important determinant of clinical presentation and outcome of NCC in Korea.

Neurocysticercosis as a probable risk factor for hippocampal sclerosis / Neurocisticercose como provável fator de risco para esclerose hipocampal

ABSTRACT Neurocysticercosis is one of the most common risk factors for epilepsy but its association with drug-resistant epilepsy remains uncertain. Conjectures of an association with drug-resistant epilepsy have been fueled by reports of an association between calcific neurocysticercosis lesions (CNL) and hippocampal sclerosis (HS) from specialized epilepsy centers in Taenia solium-endemic regions. The debate arising from these reports is whether the association is causal. Evidence for the association is not high quality but sufficiently persuasive to merit further investigation with longitudinal imaging studies in population-based samples from geographically-diverse regions. The other controversial point is the choice of a surgical approach for drug-resistant epilepsy associated with CNL-HS. Three approaches have been described: standard anteromesial temporal lobectomy, lesionectomy involving a CNL alone and lesionectomy with anteromesial temporal lobectomy (for dual pathology); reports of the latter two approaches are limited. Presurgical evaluation should consider possibilities of delineating the epileptogenic zone/s in accordance with all three approaches.

RESUMO A neurocisticercose é um dos mais comuns fatores de risco para a epilepsia, mas sua associação com a epilepsia resistente a medicamentos (DRE) permanece incerta. Conjecturas de uma associação com a DRE têm sido alimentadas por relatos de uma associação entre lesões de neurocisticercose calcária (CNL) e esclerose hipocampal (HS) de centros especializados em epilepsia em regiões endêmicas de Taenia solium. O debate que surge desses relatórios é se a associação é causal. Se bem as evidências para a associação não são de alta qualidade, são suficientemente persuasivas para merecer mais investigação com estudos longitudinais de imagens em amostras de base populacional de regiões geograficamente diversas. O outro ponto controverso é a escolha da abordagem cirúrgica para a DRE associada à CNL-HS. Três abordagens têm sido descritas: lobectomia temporal ântero-mesial padrão, lesionectomia envolvendo apenas CNL e lesionectomia com lobectomia temporal ântero-mesial (para patologia dupla); os relatórios das duas últimas abordagens são limitados. A avaliação pré-cirúrgica deve considerar as possibilidades de delinear a (s) zona (s) epileptogênica (s) de acordo com as três abordagens.

Recurrent neurocysticercosis of the frontal lobe. case report

RESUMEN Introducción. La neurocisticercosis (NCC) es causada por la ingesta de huevos de la tenia del cerdo (Taenia solium) provenientes de un individuo con teniosis (complejo tenia-siscisticercosis). Esta enfermedad produce la mayor morbimortalidad por sus efectos dañinos sobre el sistema nervioso central. El 80% de los casos pueden ser asintomáticos y el 20% restante presenta manifestaciones clínicas que son inespecíficas. Presentación del caso. Paciente con cefalea, tendencia dromomaníaca, síndrome de hipertensión intracraneal, deterioro cognitivo y alteración de la marcha. Se realizó una tomografía computarizada que reveló un quiste subcortical frontal derecho y calcificaciones frontoparietales bilaterales. Como diagnóstico principal se sospechó NCC del lóbulo frontal por su cuadro clínico, anamnesis y epidemiología regional. Discusión. Se sospecha que el paciente cursaba con reinfección por T. solium en el lóbulo frontal derecho por la presencia de edema perilesional, los nódulos calcificados distribuidos aleatoriamente en la imagen y la información suministrada por sus familiares durante la anamnesis. Los signos y síntomas de la NCC dependen de la ubicación, el número, las dimensiones, los estadios del cisticerco (vesicular, coloidal, granular-nodular y nódulo calcificado), el genotipo y el estado inmune del hospedero. El 60-90% de los cisticercos se ubican en el parénquima cerebral, siendo menos frecuentes las ubicaciones ventricular, subaracnoidea, ocular, meníngea y medular. Conclusiones. Es importante educar a la comunidad, por un lado, sobre el ciclo de vida del parásito T. solium y su epidemiología y, por el otro, acerca de las medidas de prevención y las manifestaciones clínicas de la NCC, esto con el fin de realizar un diagnóstico oportuno y un manejo efectivo.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Neurocysticercosis (NCC) is the result of ingestion of pork tapeworm eggs (Taenia solium) from an individual with taeniasis (taeniasis/cysticercosis complex). This disease causes the highest helminthic-related morbidity and mortality rates due to its deleterious effects on the central nervous system. 80% of the cases can be asymptomatic and 20% show non-specific clinical manifestations. Case presentation: The following report presents the case of a patient with headache, dromomania, intracranial hypertension syndrome, and cognition and gait impairment. A brain CT showed a right frontal subcortical cyst and bilateral frontoparietal calcified nodules. Neurocysticercosis of the frontal lobe was suspected as the main diagnosis considering the clinical manifestations, anamnesis and local epidemiology. Discussion: T. solium reinfection in the right frontal lobe was suspected in this patient due to perilesional edema, calcified nodules randomly distributed on the imaging and the information supplied by his relatives during anamnesis. Symptoms and signs of NCC depend on localization, number, dimensions, cysticercus stage (vesicular, colloidal, granular-nodular and calcified nodule), genotype and immune status of the host. Between 60 and 90% of cysticerci are mainly observed in the brain parenchyma, but other less frequent localizations include ventricles, subarachnoid space, eyes, meninges and spinal cord. Conclusions: It is important to know and educate the community about the life cycle of parasites, epidemiology, prevention measures and clinical manifestations of neurocysticercosis in order to make a timely diagnosis and administer an effective treatment.

Seroprevalence of human cysticercosis in Jataí, Goiás state, Brazil

ABSTRACT The Taenia solium cysticercosis affects millions of people worldwide and is considered a public health problem, especially in developing countries. The diagnosis of neurocysticercosis is complex and involves the analysis of epidemiological, clinical, neuroimaging, and immunological host data. Neurocysticercosis is endemic in Brazil, and is related to the cause of death mainly in the Southeast, South, and Central-West regions. The objective of this study was to determine the seroprevalence of cysticercosis in inhabitants of the city of Jataí, Goiás, in the Central-West region of Brazil from April to August 2012. A total of 529 serum samples were analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detecting IgG antibodies against T. solium larvae, and Western blotting was used for confirming the diagnosis through the recognition of at least two specific peptides from their serum antibodies. The 351/529 (66.3%) reactive samples were analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and Western blotting confirmed the diagnosis in 73 samples that recognized at least two of the following peptides specific IgG antibodies for cysticercosis: 18, 24, 28-32, 39-42, 47-52, 64-68, and 70 kDa. The seroprevalence of cysticercosis was 13.8% (95% CI 5.9-21.7), demonstrating that the studied area is endemic to this disease.

Intradural Extramedullary Cysticercosis Involving the Thoracolumbar Spinal Canal in a Patient with Cerebral Cysticercosis / 대한정형외과학회잡지

Neurocysticercosis (NCC) by Taenia solium is the most common parasitic infection of the central nervous system involving the cerebrum. However, spinal involvement of NCC is rare. Spinal NCC can cause radiculopathy, myelopathy, cauda equina syndrome, and even paraparesis, depending on its location and size. Spinal NCC may require surgical treatment as a first-line treatment because medical therapy can further aggravate the inflammation due to dead cysts, resulting in clinical deterioration. The current standard therapy for spinal NCC is surgical decompression followed by medical therapy. We experienced a case of widespread thoracolumbar intradural extramedullary cysticercosis involving the spinal canal with cerebral cysticercosis. We report this rare case with literature review.

Cisticercosis: reporte de caso / Cysticercosis: case Report

La teniasis humana/cisticercosis es una enfer-medad zoonótica causada por la Taenia solium. Fue declarada por la OMS como una de las enfermedades tropicales potencialmente erra-dicables que afecta a las personas más pobres con condiciones ambientales desfavorables. En nuestro país, Honduras, la Dra. Rina Girard de Kaminsky en 1991 encontró tasas de infección de 2-7/1000 en el Hospital Escuela, 10/1000 en el sur y 0-6/1000 en los departamentos de Cortés y Atlántida. La transmisión es a través de un círculo cerdo-humano; en el cual el cerdo lleva las larvas quísticas en su carne (cisticerco-sis), el humano la Taenia adulta (teniasis) en la luz del intestino. La cisticercosis se debe a la infección que puede ser asintomática o sintomática: diarrea, dolor abdominal, migración de proglótides y cisticercos al Sistema Nervioso Central (SNC). El diagnóstico se basa en el cuadro clínico, demostración de los huevos o quistes, pruebas inmunológicas ELISA: inmunoelectroforesis, Tomografía axial computarizada y resonancia magnética. Su tratamiento farmacológico es: Praziquantel y Albendazol a dosis de 10-20 mg/kg/día una dosis, y en Neurocisticercosis 10 días de tratamiento el cual deberá iniciarse una vez controlado el cuadro convulsivo y la hiper-tensión endocraneana. Se presenta un caso de Teniasis en un lactante de 8 meses alimentado exclusivamente con leche materna. El objetivo del presente estudio es reconocer su aparición en cualquier edad, incluyendo los menores de 1 año además de recordar que es erradicable y que se pueden prevenir las complicaciones...(AU)

Prevalence and risk factors for porcine cysticercosis in rural communities of eastern Minas Gerais, Brazil / Prevalência e fatores de risco para cisticercose suína em comunidades rurais do leste de Minas Gerais

Cysticercosis is caused by Taenia solium, a parasitic zoonosis that affects human and pigs raised free-range in developing countries. The epidemiology of the taeniosis cysticercosis complex in Brazil is poorly understood especially when it comes to field research. The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence and identify the risk factors associated with porcine cysticercosis in rural communities located in the east of Minas Gerais (MG), Brazil. From 371 farms in the county of Tumiritinga/MG, 101 farms from 14 communities were randomly sampled. Blood samples from pigs were collected, and epidemiological questionnaires were carried out. The serum samples obtained were analyzed through immunodiagnosis techniques, including ELISA and Western Blot, both for the detection of antibodies. The data obtained by different surveys were analyzed using EpiInfo 3.5.1 software to determine seroprevalence and risk factors associated with cysticercosis. The prevalence of farms with porcine cysticercosis was 9.9% (10/101) and antibody-based seropositive was 5.3% (13/247). The results indicate that cysticercosis occurs in high level in the rural area never studied before. These results suggest the presence of tapeworm carriers contributing to the occurrence and maintenance of this zoonotic life cycle in the county. Regarding risk factors, the most significant determinants for porcine cysticercosis in the field were free-range pig management (OR: 17.4, p: 0.0001), the method of disposal of human faeces in the environmental (OR: 7.6; p 0.012), and the size of the farm. Porcine cysticercosis was diagnosed only in areas represented by Agrarian Reform Settlements. From the results, it is possible to recommend as a means of control and prevention the destination of human faeces in appropriate sanitary landfills and the production of pigs in an enclosed area. Additionally, improving education in the communities sampled will indirectly affect the spreading of this disease. The results draw attention to the largest studies of this zoonotic disease in human settlements from rural areas due to the lack of knowledge about the epidemiology of the taeniosis-cysticercosis complex. The results could serve as the basis to support public policies aimed at creating an effective program to control the taeniosis-cysticercosis complex in the studied area. Awareness of TC among medical doctors, veterinarians, meat animal family producers and the public should be developed through appropriate information and education.(AU)

A cisticercose causada pela Taenia solium é uma zoonose parasitária que afeta humanos e suínos principalmente nos países em desenvolvimento. No Brasil, sua epidemiologia é ainda pouco compreendida em diversas regiões. O objetivo deste estudo foi estimar a prevalência e identificar os fatores de risco associados à cisticercose suína em comunidades rurais localizadas na região leste do estado de Minas Gerais (MG). A partir de 371 propriedades pertencentes à 14 comunidades rurais do município de Tumiritinga, 101 foram amostradas aleatoriamente. Foram coletadas amostras de sangue dos suínos e aplicados questionários epidemiológicos. As amostras séricas foram analisadas através de técnicas de imunodiagnóstico, ELISA e Western Blot, para a detecção de anticorpos. Os dados obtidos nos inquéritos foram analisados utilizando o software EpiInfo 3.5.1 para determinar os fatores de risco associados à cisticercose. A prevalência das propriedades com a presença da cisticercose suína foi de 9,9% (10/101), a soropositividade foi de 5,3% (13/247). Os resultados são alarmantes para a ocorrência da cisticercose suína, sugerindo a presença de portadores de tênia que contribuem manutenção deste ciclo zoonótico nas áreas amostradas. Em relação aos fatores de risco, os determinantes mais importantes para a ocorrência da cisticercose suína foram a criação de suínos soltos (OR:17,4, p:0,0001), a eliminação de fezes humanas no meio ambiente (OR:7,6, p:0,012 ) e o tamanho da propriedade. Cisticercose suína foi diagnosticada somente em áreas representadas por assentamentos de Reforma Agrária. Os resultados permitem recomendar como medida de controle, a destinação dos dejetos humanos em sistemas adequados, a utilização de fossas sépticas, a criação de suínos em sistemas confinados e investimentos em educação em saúde. Ainda, os resultados chamam a atenção para maiores estudos sobre esta zoonose nos assentamentos da reforma agrária do país, devido à sua presença e à falta de conhecimento sobre a epidemiologia da teníase-cisticercose nestas áreas. Estas informações podem servir de base para apoiar políticas públicas voltadas para a criação de um programa eficaz de controle da teníase-cisticercose na região estudada. Uma maior atenção para esta zoonose deve ser estimulada entre médicos, médicos veterinários e agricultores familiares, através da informação e educação.(AU)

Seroprevalencia y factores de riesgo de cisticercosis en dos comunidades rurales del norte del estado Anzoátegui, Venezuela / Seroprevalence and risk factors of cysticercosis in two rural communities in Anzoátegui state, Venezuela

Resumen Introducción. La cisticercosis es causada por las larvas de Taenia solium, las cuales se localizan principalmente en el sistema nervioso central y causan neurocisticercosis. En Venezuela se han hecho pocos estudios epidemiológicos de esta enfermedad. Objetivo. Determinar la seroprevalencia y los factores de riesgo de la cisticercosis en dos comunidades rurales del estado Anzoátegui, Venezuela. Materiales y métodos. Se hizo una encuesta para recolectar datos sobre los posibles factores de riesgo y los signos y síntomas de la enfermedad, y se tomaron 182 muestras de los habitantes de las comunidades de Boquerón y Punto Lindo. Se determinaron los anticuerpos IgG contra cisticercos de T. solium mediante ensayo inmunoenzimático (ELISA). Resultados. En Boquerón, se presentó una seroprevalencia de 3,3 %; debido al bajo número de muestras positivas no se pudo hacer el análisis estadístico. Sin embargo, las tres personas positivas tenían conocimiento de la enfermedad, antecedentes de tenencia de cerdos no confinados, consumo de carne de cerdo semicruda y cefalea frecuente. En Punto Lindo, la seroprevalencia fue de 28,9 %. No hubo diferencias estadísticamente significativas en cuanto al sexo y la edad, sin embargo, se encontró mayor frecuencia en menores de 20 años. Con respecto a los factores de riesgo y los signos y síntomas, se encontró asociación significativa con el consumo de carne de cerdo semicruda (odds ratio, OR=18; IC95% 5,78-55,9), cefalea frecuente (OR=3,6; IC95% 1,15-11,4), convulsiones (OR=18,9; IC95% 2,15-166,5) y problemas de visión (OR=5,7; IC95% 2,13-15,34). Conclusión. Los resultados demostraron que había poca transmisión de cisticercosis en Boquerón, pero mucha en Punto Lindo, sobre todo en niños, lo cual sugeriría que se trata de transmisión reciente.

Abstract Introduction: Cysticercosis is caused by Taenia solium cysticerci, which are located mainly in the central nervous system causing neurocysticercosis. In Venezuela, few epidemiological studies on this disease have been conducted. Objective: To determine the seroprevalence and risk factors for cysticercosis in two rural communities in Anzoátegui state. Material and methods: We conducted a survey to collect data on possible risk factors and signs and symptoms of the disease, and we took 182 samples in two communities, Boquerón and Punto Lindo. Detection of IgG antibodies against T. solium cysticerci was performed by ELISA. Results: Seroprevalence in Boquerón was 3.3%; due to the low number of seropositives the statistical analysis was not possible. However, the three seropositive persons had knowledge of the disease, and a history of consumption of undercooked pork meat, and presence of headache. In Punto Lindo, seroprevalence was 28.9%. There were no significant differences by sex or age; however, we found more seropositives among individuals younger than 20 years. With regard to risk factors and signs and symptoms, significant associations were found with consumption of undercooked pork (OR=18; 95% CI: 5.78 to 55.9), headaches (OR=3.6; 95% CI: 1.15 to 11.4), seizures (OR=18.9; 95% CI: 2.15 to 166.5) and visual problems (OR=5.7; 95% CI: 2.13 to 15.34). Conclusions: The results showed low transmission of cysticercosis in Boquerón, and high in Punto Lindo, where the high prevalence in children suggests recent transmission.

Neuropsychiatric manifestations and epidemiology of neurocysticercosis / Manifestações neuropsiquiátricas e epidemiologia de neurocisticercose

Neurocysticercosis (NCC) is the brain infection caused by larval stages of the helminth Taenia solium. The embryos of Taenia travel through the bloodstream and can reach the brain, muscles, eyes, and various organs. In the brain, the psychiatric manifestations are mood disorders, depression and anxiety, which are commonly associated with epilepsy and sensory-motor deficits. Neurocysticercosis is a frequent parasitic disease in the world population; it is endemic in Central and South America, Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa. In the present review, we report the major symptoms and signals of neurocysticercosis common to neurological and psychiatric illnesses. We briefly present Epidemiology of those manifestations and analyze the relationship between pathological changes and NCC symptomatology. OBJECTIVES AND METHODOLOGY: A literature review was conducted to characterize epidemiological, neurological and psychiatric manifestations of NCC. The final 90 papers were selected of a set of 937 publications from 2010 to 2016. RESULTS: NCC is a major cause of epilepsy in endemic areas; further- more, leads to a diversity of motor and sensitive deficits, manifestations vary from headache to severe intracranial hypertension. Potentially fatal conditions include arteritis, encephalitis and hydrocephalus. Depression and cognitive decline remain among the most important psychiatric manifestations. Neuropsychiatric manifestations, Epidemiology, and neuroimaging provide diagnostic criteria. Brain scans may reveal one or diverse cysts filled with fluid within a scolex (parasite's head). CONCLUSION: NCC's diversity of presentations encourage health professionals to consider it in diagnoses, especially in endemic countries, and also in non-endemic areas because migrants and travelers are subject to contagious. Treatment consists in use of antiparasitic drugs (albendazol, praziquantel) and drugs to treat associated conditions (anticonvulsants, corticosteroids). Surgery is reserved to extirpate the parasite from particular locations (eyes, spinal cord, cerebral ventricles) or to differentiate NCC from tumors, tuberculosis, mycosis, etc. Prevention includes treatment of intestinal helminthiasis, sanitation in animal farming, food preparing hygiene, quality control of water and food.

Neurocisticercose é a infecção cerebral causada pelos estágios lar- vais do helminto Taenia solium. Os embriões da Taenia deslocam-se através da corrente sanguínea e podem atingir o cérebro, músculos, olhos e vários órgãos. No cérebro, as manifestações psiquiátricas são transtornos de humor, depressão e ansiedade, as quais estão comumente associados com epilepsia e deficiências sensório-motoras. Neurocisticercose é uma parasitose frequente na população mundial, é endêmica na América Central e do Sul, Ásia e África subsaariana. Na presente revisão, relatamos os principais sintomas e sinais de neurocisticercose pertinentes a doenças neurológicas e psiquiátricas. Nós brevemente apresentamos a Epidemiologia dessas manifestações, e analisamos a relação entre alterações patológicas e sintomatologia da NCC. OBJETIVOS E METODOLOGIA: Uma revisão da literatura foi conduzida para caracterizar a epidemiologia, as manifestações neurológicas e psiquiátricas de NCC. Os 90 artigos finais foram selecionados de um conjunto de 937 publicações entre 2010 a 2016. RESULTADOS: NCC é uma importante etiologia de epilepsia em áreas endêmicas, além disso causa uma diversidade de deficiências motoras e sensoriais, as manifestações variam de cefaleia a severa hipertensão intracraniana. Condições potencialmente fatais incluem arterites, encefalites e hidrocefalia. Depressão e declíneo cognitive permanecem entre as mais importantes manifestações psiquiátricas. Manifestações neuropsiquiátricas, epidemiologia e neuroimagem provêm os critérios de diagnóstico. As imagens cerebrais podem revelar um ou diversos cistos preenchidos com líquido e o escólex (cabeça) do parasito. CONCLUSÕES: A diversidade de apresentações da NCC encoraja os profissionais de saúde a considerá-la dentre os diagnósticos, especialmente em países endêmicos; e também em áreas não-endêmicas, pois migrantes e viajantes estão sujeitos ao contágio. O tratamento consiste no uso de antiparasíticos (albendazol, praziquantel) e medicamentos para tratar condições associadas (anticonvulsivantes, corticosteróides). Cirurgia é reservada para remoção do parasito de locais particulares (olhos, medula espinhal, ventrículos cerebrais) ou para diferenciar NCC de tumores, tuberculose, micose, etc. Prevenção inclui o tratamento de helmintíases intestinais, sanidade animal, higiene ao preparar alimentos, controle da qualidade da água e alimentos.

DETERMINATION OF SEROPREVALENCE OF SWINE CYSTICERCOSIS AND IDENTIFICATION OF HUMAN TENIASIS IN PIG CREATING PERSONS IN THE URBAN AREA Ω OF THE COYAIMA TOLIMA MUNICIPALITY / Determinación de la seroprevalencia de cisticercosis porcina e identificación de teniasis humana en personas criadoras de cerdos en el área urbana del municipio de coyaima tolima / Determinação da seroprevalência da cítica e sua identificação da teniase humana no pig criando pessoas na área urbana do município de coyaima tolima

Introducción: La cisticercosis porcina causada por la etapa larval de Taenia solium, ocasiona graves pérdidas económicas para sus tenedores y un riesgo para la salud pública en Colombia y en el mundo especialmente en Asia, África y otros países de Latino América. Esta parasitosis se propaga con facilidad en zonas con condiciones higiénicas sanitarias, ambientales y socio económicas precarias. Objetivo: Determinar la seroprevalencia de cisticercosis porcina empleando el ensayo inmunoenzimático (ELISA) y la detección de teniasis humana por examen coproparasitológico en personas criadoras de cerdos en el área urbana. Materiales y Métodos: Se tomó muestra de sangre a 102 porcinos por punción en el pabellón auricular y se impregnaron en discos de papel de filtro para detectar anticuerpos anticisticerco empleando la técnica de ELISA con la fracción antigénica de 53kDa. A los tenedores de porcinos y demás participantes conformado por un grupo de 159 personas, se les solicitó una muestra de heces, que fue conservada en reactivo de Mertiolate Yodo Formol al 5%(MIF). Se preservó a 4°C, para su procesamiento se empleó la técnica de concentración de formol-éter, el diagnóstico se realizó por observación microscópica con objetivo de 40X. Resultados: De los 102 porcinos, el 17% (17/102) presentaron anticuerpos anticisticerco. Con respecto a las variables sociodemográficas del estudio se observó mayor asociación con fuentes de agua, pacientes teniásicos, condiciones ambientales, tipo de alimentación. La prevalencia general de parasitismo intestinal en los criadores fue de 43.3%, y en el 1.9% (3/159) se hallaron huevos de Taenia spp, Se identificó a las fuentes de agua y la tenencia de porcinos como variable estadísticamente significativa (p≤0,005) con la presencia de parasitismo intestinal en la comunidad. Conclusión: El estudio reveló un valor significativo de seroprevalencia de cisticercosis porcina en el área evaluada, ocasionando un serio problema de salud pública en la comunidad coyaimuna.

Introduction: Swine cysticercosis caused by the larval stage of Taenia solium, causes serious economic losses for their holders and a risk to public health in Colombia and the world, especially in Asia, Africa and other Latin American countries. This parasitic disease is spread easily in areas with hygienic sanitary, environmental and socio economic precarious. Objective: determine the seroprevalence of cysticercosis swine using the essay Enzyme Immunoassay (ELISA) and the detection of taeniasis human by test coproparasitologic in people brooders of pigs in the area urban. Materials and methods: Took blood sample to swine 102 puncture the pinna and they impregnated filter paper disks to detect Flisser antibodies using the ELISA technique with 53kDa antigenic fraction. To them holders of pigs and others participating conformed by a group of 159 people, is les requested a shows of Lee that was preserved in reagent of Mertiolate iodine formalin to the 5% (MIF). Is preserved to 4 ° C, for its processing is employed the technical of concentration of formol-eter, the diagnosis is made by observation microscopic with objective of 40 X. Results: Of the 102 pigs, the 17% (17 / 102) presented antibodies Flisser. With respect to the variable socio-demographic of the study is observed greater association with sources of water, patient's teniasicos, conditions environmental, type of power. The general prevalence of intestinal parasitism in the breeders was 43.3% and 1.9% (3/159) found eggs of Taenia spp., identified the sources of water and holding of pigs as variables statistically significant (p≤0. 005) with the presence of intestinal parasitism in the community. Conclusion: The study revealed a significant value of seroprevalence of porcine cysticercosis in the evaluated area, causing a serious problem of public health in the community coyaimuna.

Introdução: Cisticercose porcina causada pelo estágio larval de Taenia solium, provoca sérias perdas econômicas para os seus titulares e um risco para a saúde pública na Colômbia e no mundo, especialmente na Ásia, África e outros países da América Latina. Esta doença parasitária é disseminada facilmente em áreas com higiene higiênica, ambiental e socioeconômica precária. Objetivo: Determinar a soroprevalência de cisticercose porco utilizando o ensaio imunoenzimático (ELISA) e a detecção de taeníase humana por teste coproparasitológico em pessoas criadas por porcos na área urbana. Materiais e métodos: Tomou amostras de sangue para suínos 102 perfurando o pinna e impregnaram discos de papel de filtro para detectar anticorpos Flisser usando a técnica ELISA com fração antigênica de 53kDa. A eles, titulares de porcos e outros participantes, conformados por um grupo de 159 pessoas, solicitase um show de Lee que foi preservado em reagente de Mertiolate iodine formalin a 5% (MIF). É preservada a 4 ° C, para o processamento é empregada a técnica de concentração de formol eter, o diagnóstico é feito por observação microscópica com objetivo de 40 X. Resultados: Dos 102 porcos, 17% (17/102) apresentaram anticorpos Flisser. Com relação à variável sociodemográfica do estudo, observase maior associação com fontes de água, teniasicos do paciente, condições ambientais, tipo de poder. A prevalência geral de parasitismo intestinal nos criadores foi de 43,3% e 1,9% (3/159) encontraram ovos de Taenia spp., Identificaram as fontes de água e a retenção de porcos como variáveis estatisticamente significativas (p≤0. 005) com a presença De parasitismo intestinal na comunidade. Conclusões: O estudo revelou um valor significativo de seroprevalência de cisticercose porcina na área avaliada, causando um grave problema de saúde pública na comunidade coyaimuna.

Hemiparesia súbita secundaria a cisticercosis cerebral: presentación de un caso clínico / Sudden hemiparesis secondary to cerebral cysticercosis: presentation of a clinical case

Introducción: La neurocisticercosis es una infección parasitaria del sistema nervioso central, ocasionada por la etapa larval del parásito Taenia solium. Su prevalencia mundial es de 9,1%. Se presenta a continuación un caso clínico en el que destaca una clínica infrecuente y tamaño de la lesión poco común; caso que fue resuelto con éxito mediante neurocirugía. Presentación del caso: Hombre de 48 años, residente en localidad rural, consultó por cuadro súbito de hemiparesia derecha de predominio crural, posteriormente con aumento de paresia braquial ipsilateral. Al examen físico destacó síndrome piramidal derecho. Se estudió con Tomografía Computarizada que evidenció quiste frontal izquierdo con compresión del área motora, sugerente de lesión parasitaria. Resonancia Nuclear Magnética de Cerebro (RNMC) informó proceso expansivo quístico fronto-parietal parasagital izquierdo de 5 x 5,5 cm, con efecto de masa. Por tamaño, tipo de lesión y clínica se decidió realizar cirugía abierta con extirpación total y biopsia que informó cisticercosis cerebral. El paciente evolucionó con recuperación total de su déficit motor posterior a la cirugía. Discusión: La neurocisticercosis se encuentra dentro de los diagnósticos diferenciales de lesiones quísticas encefálicas. Su clínica es inespecífica, manifestándose comúnmente con convulsiones y cefalea. La RNMC permite el diagnóstico y localización de las lesiones. El tratamiento es médico, quirúrgico o combinado. Generalmente, el manejo se basa en antiepilépticos y antiparasitarios sistémicos, sin embargo en este caso, se decidió el manejo quirúrgico que llevó a una mejoría total del paciente, lo que avala la cirugía precoz como principal medida en lesiones de este tipo

Introduction: Neurocysticercosis is a parasitic infection of the central nervous system, caused by the larval stage of the parasite Taenia solium. Its worldwide prevalence is 9.1%. We present below a clinical case with an infrequent clinical and uncommon lesion size, with surgical resolved. Case report: A 48 year old man, who was a resident of a rural locality, consulted for sudden hemiparesis on the right side of the crural predominance, subsequently with increased ipsilateral brachial paresis. Physical examination highlighted right pyramidal syndrome. It was studied with Computed Axial Tomography that showed left frontal cyst with compression of the motor area, suggestive of parasite lesion. Brain Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (BNMR) reported left parasagittal fronto-parietal cystic expansive process of 5 x 5.5 cm, with mass effect. By size, type of lesion and clinic it was decided to perform open surgery with total extirpation and biopsy that reported cerebral cysticercosis. The patient evolved with complete recovery of motor deficit after surgery. Discussion: Neurocysticercosis is a differential diagnosis of brain cystic lesions. Its clinic is non-specific, commonly manifesting with seizures and headache. The RNMC allows the diagnosis and location of the lesions. The treatment is medical, surgical or combined. Usually, the management is based on antiepileptics and systemic antiparasitic, however in this case, it was decided the surgical management that led to the total improvement of the patient, which guarantees the early surgery as the main measure in lesions of this type

Historical Details about the Meat Consumption and Taeniases in Joseon Period of Korea

Previous paleoparasitological studies of Joseon specimens established that the prevalence of Taenia infection was not much different from that of the early 20th century Korean population. As many of taeniases originally diagnosed as Taenia saginata in South Korea were revealed to be actually Taenia asiatica, which share a common intermediate host with T. solium (the pig), Joseon people must have ingested raw pork frequently. However, the current examination of extant Joseon documents revealed that the population ate significant amounts of beef even if the beef ban was enforced; and pork was not consumed as much as we thought. Considering the meat consumption pattern at that time, Joseon people should have been infected by T. saginata more frequently than T. asiatica. This may suggest a low prevalence of T. saginata metacestodes in cattle compared to that of T. asiatica metacestodes in pigs, possibly due to the traditional way of rearing pigs (using human feces). This letter gives us a chance to reconsider the existing preconception about parasitic infections in Korean history though we are still hard to accurately estimate the historical patterns of taeniases at this stage.